Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition in which eating gluten triggers damage to the small intestine. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Over time, this immune response can interfere with nutrient absorption and lead to a range of digestive and non-digestive symptoms.
Quick Facts
- An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten
- It is a chronic, lifelong condition
- Damages the lining of the small intestine
- Can affect both children and adults
- Symptoms vary widely and may not always be digestive
- Managed with a strict lifelong gluten-free diet
Symptoms
Symptoms of celiac disease can vary and may affect more than just digestion. Common symptoms include:
Other symptoms may include weight loss, anemia, joint pain, skin rash (dermatitis herpetiformis), or nutrient deficiencies. Some people may have minimal or no symptoms but still experience intestinal damage.
Celiac disease can sometimes be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), food intolerance, or other digestive conditions. Unlike a food allergy, celiac disease does not cause anaphylaxis, but it can lead to long-term complications if untreated.
Causes
Celiac disease occurs when the immune system reacts abnormally to gluten, leading to inflammation and damage in the small intestine.
It is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. People with a family history of celiac disease are at higher risk.
Risk Factors
You may be at higher risk if you:
- Have a family history of celiac disease
- Have other autoimmune conditions (such as type 1 diabetes)
- Have certain genetic markers
- Have conditions like thyroid disease or Down syndrome
Treatments
The primary treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet.
Avoiding gluten allows the small intestine to heal and helps prevent symptoms and complications. This includes eliminating foods that contain wheat, barley, and rye.
Nutritional counseling can help ensure a balanced diet and prevent deficiencies. In some cases, supplements may be recommended.
When to Seek Care
See a healthcare provider if you have ongoing digestive symptoms, unexplained fatigue, or nutrient deficiencies. Testing is important before starting a gluten-free diet to ensure an accurate diagnosis.
