Stomach Ulcer
A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is an open sore that develops in the lining of the stomach. Stomach ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer disease and often occur when stomach acid damages the protective lining of the digestive tract. Many ulcers are linked to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen. With proper diagnosis and treatment, most stomach ulcers can heal and symptoms can improve significantly.
Quick Facts
- A stomach ulcer is an open sore in the stomach lining
- It is a type of peptic ulcer disease
- Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use
- Symptoms may come and go over time
- Untreated ulcers can lead to serious complications
- Most ulcers can heal with medication and lifestyle changes
Symptoms
Common symptoms include:
- Burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen
- Stomach pain that may improve or worsen after eating
- Bloating
- Nausea
- Feeling full quickly during meals
- Indigestion or heartburn
Some people may have no symptoms until complications develop.
More serious symptoms may include:
- Vomiting blood
- Black or tarry stools
- Unexplained weight loss
- Severe abdominal pain
- Dizziness or fainting
Stomach ulcer symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for acid reflux, gastritis, gallbladder disease, or functional dyspepsia.
Causes
Stomach ulcers develop when the protective lining of the stomach becomes damaged, allowing stomach acid to irritate the tissue beneath.
Common causes include:
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection
- Long-term use of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin
- Excess stomach acid production in rare cases
- Certain medical conditions that affect the digestive tract
Stress and spicy foods do not usually cause stomach ulcers, but they may worsen symptoms in some individuals.
Risk Factors
You may be at higher risk if you:
- Have an H. pylori infection
- Regularly use NSAID medications
- Take corticosteroids with NSAIDs
- Smoke tobacco
- Drink excessive amounts of alcohol
- Are older than 60 years
- Have a personal or family history of ulcers
Treatments
Diagnosis often involves a review of symptoms, medical history, and testing to determine the cause of the ulcer.
Diagnostic testing may include:
- Testing for H. pylori
- Upper endoscopy (EGD)
- Blood tests
- Stool testing
- Breath testing
Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Common treatments include:
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid
- Antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection
- Medications that protect the stomach lining
- Stopping or reducing NSAID use when possible
- Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol
Most stomach ulcers heal successfully when the underlying cause is treated.
Recovery and Management Timeline
Healing time varies depending on the size and cause of the ulcer.
Many stomach ulcers begin improving within a few weeks of treatment, though complete healing may take several weeks to a few months. Follow-up testing may be recommended, especially when H. pylori infection is involved or symptoms persist.
Taking medications as prescribed and addressing risk factors can help reduce the risk of recurrence.
Possible Complications
Without treatment, stomach ulcers can lead to serious complications, including:
- Internal bleeding
- Perforation (a hole in the stomach wall)
- Gastric outlet obstruction
- Anemia
- Severe infection within the abdomen
Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications.
When to Seek Care
Seek care from a primary care physician or gastroenterologist if you experience:
- Persistent upper abdominal pain
- Frequent indigestion or heartburn
- Nausea that does not improve
- Unexplained weight loss
- Symptoms that interfere with daily activities
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Vomiting blood
- Black or tarry stools
- Sudden severe abdominal pain
- Fainting or signs of significant blood loss
