Asthma
Asthma is a chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making it harder to breathe. It can affect both children and adults and may range from mild to severe. While there is no cure, asthma can usually be managed with the right treatment and trigger control.
Quick Facts
- Asthma affects the airways in the lungs
- Symptoms can vary from mild to severe
- Triggers differ from person to person
- Symptoms may worsen at night or with activity
- With proper treatment, most people can manage asthma effectively
Symptoms
Asthma symptoms can vary but often include:
- Shortness of breath
- Chest tightness or pain
- Wheezing (especially when exhaling)
- Coughing, particularly at night or early morning
- Difficulty breathing during exercise or in cold air
Causes
Asthma is caused by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. The exact cause is not always clear, but it is often linked to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
These factors can make the airways more sensitive and reactive to triggers.
Asthma symptoms are often triggered by specific exposures or conditions, including:
- Allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander
- Respiratory infections
- Air pollution or strong odors
- Cold air or weather changes
- Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma)
- Stress or strong emotions
- Smoking or secondhand smoke
Risk Factors
You may be at higher risk for asthma if you:
- Have a family history of asthma or allergies
- Have other allergic conditions such as eczema
- Were exposed to tobacco smoke early in life
- Live in an environment with high pollution or allergens
- Have frequent respiratory infections
Treatments
Asthma treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and preventing flare-ups.
Quick-Relief Medications
- Inhaled short-acting beta agonists (such as albuterol)
- Used for immediate symptom relief
Long-Term Control Medications
- Inhaled corticosteroids
- Leukotriene modifiers
- Long-acting bronchodilators
Advanced Therapies
- Biologic medications for moderate to severe asthma
Lifestyle Management
- Avoiding triggers
- Following an asthma action plan
- Regular checkups with a healthcare provider
Emergency Care
Severe asthma attacks may require emergency treatment. Call 911 if symptoms are worsening, not improving with a rescue inhaler, or if there is difficulty speaking or breathing. If the person becomes unresponsive or stops breathing, begin CPR if trained and follow emergency instructions.
When to Seek Care
Seek medical attention if you experience:
- Frequent or worsening symptoms
- Difficulty breathing that does not improve with medication
- Symptoms that interfere with daily activities or sleep
Call 911 or seek emergency care if breathing becomes severely difficult or symptoms worsen rapidly.
