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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe and causing symptoms that range from mild to severe.
Quick Facts
- Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
- Symptoms can range from mild illness to life-threatening infection
- It spreads through respiratory droplets or aspiration
- Older adults, young children, and those with chronic conditions are at higher risk
- Pneumonia can develop as a complication of other infections, including influenza and measles
Symptoms
Common symptoms of pneumonia include:
- Cough with mucus
- Chest pain when breathing or coughing
- Shortness of breath
Other symptoms may include fever, chills, fatigue, and confusion, especially in older adults.
Causes
Pneumonia can be caused by different types of infections.
Common causes include:
- Bacterial infections (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Viral infections (including influenza, RSV, and measles)
- Fungal infections (more common in people with weakened immune systems)
- Aspiration of food, liquid, or vomit into the lungs
Risk Factors
You may be at higher risk if you:
- Are over age 65 or under age 5
- Have chronic conditions such as asthma, diabetes, or heart disease
- Smoke or have lung disease
- Have a weakened immune system
- Have recently had a respiratory infection
Treatments
Treatment depends on the cause and severity of pneumonia.
Common treatment options include:
- Antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia
- Antiviral medications for certain viral infections
- Supportive care such as rest, fluids, and fever management
More advanced treatments may be required for severe cases, including oxygen therapy, IV medications, or hospitalization.
Vaccination can help prevent certain types of pneumonia, including pneumococcal pneumonia and infections that may lead to complications.
When to Seek Care
Seek medical care if you experience difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain, high fever, or worsening symptoms. You should also seek care if symptoms do not improve or if you are in a higher-risk group.
