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Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects about 100,000 Americans. Unlike some conditions, sickle cell is not caused by lifestyle or environment — it’s passed down through genes. Understanding how it works explains why some communities are more affected than others.
What Is Sickle Cell Disease?
Normally, red blood cells are round and flexible, allowing them to move easily through blood vessels. In sickle cell disease, some red blood cells take on a crescent or “sickle” shape. These cells break apart more easily, block blood flow, and cause painful episodes, anemia, and organ complications.
How Genetics Play a Role
Sickle cell disease occurs when a child inherits two sickle cell genes — one from each parent. If a person inherits only one, they have the trait (carrier status) but usually don’t experience the disease.
Because of genetic patterns, sickle cell is more common among people whose ancestors come from regions where malaria was widespread (such as parts of Africa, the Caribbean, and the Mediterranean). The sickle cell trait provided some protection against malaria — but when two carriers have a child, the risk of sickle cell disease increases.
Who Is Most Affected?
In the U.S., sickle cell disease affects:
- Mostly African American communities (over 90% of cases).
- Some Hispanic, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean populations.
Why Awareness Matters
- Testing: A simple blood test can confirm carrier status, which is vital for family planning.
- Treatment: Some patients need ongoing transfusions — in fact, up to 100 units of blood each year.
- Support: Understanding that this is an inherited condition helps reduce stigma and increase community support.
The Bottom Line
Sickle cell is a genetic condition that disproportionately affects Black communities due to ancestry — not because of lifestyle. Awareness, testing, and access to treatment are key to improving lives.
FAQs
Is sickle cell disease genetic?
Yes, it is passed from parents to children through genes, primarily in families of African and Carribean descent.
How many Americans are affected?
About 100,000 people, most of whom are African American.
Why are blood donations important for sickle cell patients?
Some patients need up to 100 units of blood per year for treatment.
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