Parkinson’s Disease

• Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive condition
• Most commonly diagnosed after age 60, but can occur earlier
• Symptoms develop gradually and worsen over time
• There is no cure, but treatments can significantly manage symptoms
• Both motor and non-motor symptoms are common

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease vary by person and often begin subtly. Common symptoms include:

• Tremor, often starting in one hand
• Muscle stiffness or rigidity
• Slowed movement (bradykinesia)
• Balance or coordination problems
• Changes in speech or handwriting
• Fatigue, sleep problems, or mood changes

The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is not fully understood. It develops when nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine gradually break down. Factors that may contribute include:

• Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons
• Genetic mutations in certain cases
• Environmental exposures
• Age-related changes in the brain

Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease include:

• Increasing age
• Family history of Parkinson’s disease
• Male sex
• Long-term exposure to certain environmental toxins

While Parkinson’s disease cannot be cured, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Options may include:

• Medications to increase or substitute dopamine
• Physical, occupational, or speech therapy
• Lifestyle and exercise programs
• Surgical options such as deep brain stimulation for advanced cases
• Ongoing monitoring and care coordination