Pelvic Pain in Women: 5 Common Causes and What to Do

Pelvic pain refers to discomfort or pain located between the belly button and the groin. While both men and women can experience pelvic pain due to gastrointestinal issues, pelvic pain in women often points to conditions involving the reproductive system.

Let’s explore five common causes of pelvic pain in women and when to seek medical care.

1. Menstrual Pain and Cramping

The most frequent cause of pelvic pain in women is menstrual cramping. These cramps occur when the uterine muscles contract to shed the lining during a period. While often uncomfortable, menstrual cramps are usually harmless.

Relief Tips:

• Use over-the-counter pain medications like ibuprofen
• Apply a heating pad to the lower abdomen
• Engage in light exercise, like walking or yoga

If pain becomes severe or persistent, speak to your doctor to rule out underlying conditions like endometriosis or fibroids.

2. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Pelvic pain can be a symptom of sexually transmitted infections, particularly chlamydia or gonorrhea. If left untreated, these infections may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)—a serious condition that can cause chronic pain and infertility.

Warning Signs:

• Pain during or after sex
• Abnormal vaginal discharge
• Burning sensation when urinating

STIs are treatable with antibiotics. If you suspect an infection, get tested and seek treatment right away.

3. Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition where the lining of the uterus grows outside of it, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or pelvic tissue. It can cause intense pelvic pain, especially during menstruation, and may affect fertility.

Treatment Options:

• Hormonal birth control to regulate your cycle
• Medications to suppress menstruation if you're trying to conceive later
• Pain relief through NSAIDs or prescribed meds

Diagnosis often requires a pelvic exam and imaging tests, or in some cases, laparoscopy.

4. Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts form when a follicle doesn’t release an egg and instead fills with fluid. Most are noncancerous and go away without treatment, but larger cysts can cause pelvic pain or pressure.

What to Know:

• Diagnosed via ultrasound
• Usually monitored unless painful or persistent
• Hormonal birth control may reduce recurrence

In rare cases, surgery may be needed to remove large or ruptured cysts.

5. Female Reproductive Cancers

Persistent pelvic pain can sometimes signal reproductive cancers, including ovarian, uterine, cervical, or vaginal cancer. These conditions often don’t show symptoms in early stages.

Possible Signs:

• Pelvic pain that doesn’t go away
• Pain during sex
• Spotting between periods or unusual discharge
• Unexplained weight loss or fatigue

Early detection is crucial. Regular screenings, including Pap smears and pelvic exams, help identify issues before they progress.

When Should You Talk to a Doctor?

Mild cramping around your period may be normal—but pelvic pain that is severe, unusual, or persistent should never be ignored. It’s especially important to seek medical attention if the pain:

• Lasts longer than a few days
• Occurs outside of your menstrual cycle
• Is accompanied by fever, unusual bleeding, or pain during sex

Women’s Health Support at BASS Medical Group

At BASS Medical Group, our women's health specialists offer expert care for pelvic pain, from diagnosis to treatment and beyond. Whether you're managing monthly cramps or something more serious, we're here to support your health.

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